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TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
12
Current Immigration Policies
13
Detention Conditions
15
Bearing Witness: Voices from the Southern Border
17
CHAPTER 1: Commission’s National Origin Jurisdiction, Prior Report, and Current Fact-Finding Investigation
19
CHAPTER 2: Historic and Current Treatment of Migrants at the Southern Border
23
Historic Treatment of Migrants from Central and South America
23
Table 1: Regions of Birth for Immigrants in the United States, 1960-Present77F
27
Other Changes in Demographics of Migrants and Factors for Migration
31
Policy Changes and Their Impact on Enforcement at the Southern Border
33
Zero Tolerance: Prosecute All Who Cross
33
No Plan for Reunification of Migrant Children
37
Metering: Not Allowing Asylum-Seeking Families to Enter
39
Migration Protection Protocols
40
Third Country Rule (Designation of Mexico and Guatemala)
42
Removing Domestic Violence as a Basis for Political Asylum
45
Seeking Asylum and Credible Fear Determinations
47
Increased Detention of Children
49
CHAPTER 3: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Public Record
52
Overview of Comments
52
Overview Testimony
53
Family Separation
54
Family Separation - Right to Family Integrity Testimony
60
Barriers to Reunification Testimony
61
Standards of Care
61
The Flores Agreement and Other Applicable Standards
61
Detention of Children
68
Current Conditions
68
Child Deaths
70
Impact of Metering on Children
73
Medical Treatment of Children
73
Lack of Pediatric Care Testimony
75
Mental Health and Children
76
Lack of Mental Health Screening Testimony
78
Trauma in Children Testimony
78
Use of Physical Restraints and Juveniles Testimony
78
Use of Solitary Confinement, Juveniles and Mental Health Testimony
79
Sexual and Physical Violence Against Detained Children
79
Testimony
80
Length of Stay in Detention Facilities
81
Indefinite Detention for Children Testimony
84
Migrant Children Sent to Foster Care
85
Legal Representation of Unaccompanied Minors
86
Detention of Adults: Oversight and Transparency of Conditions
87
Transparency and Oversight Testimony
89
Legal Standard for Medical Care
90
Medical Resources and Improper Care
92
Lack of Medical Care Testimony
93
Withholding Medication Testimony
94
Competency of Staff in Providing Medical Care Testimony
95
Mental Health and Adults
96
Mental Health and Adults Testimony
96
Segregation of Individuals with Mental Illness Testimony
97
Pregnancy
98
Pregnancy Testimony
98
Lack of Transparency in Providing Medical Care
98
Deaths while Detained Testimony
99
Basic Needs: Nutrition, Hygiene and Clothing
101
Food in Detention Testimony
102
Hygiene and Clothing Testimony
103
Prison-like Conditions in Facilities
104
Working Conditions Testimony
105
Solitary Confinement as Punishment
106
Solitary Confinement Testimony
107
Sexual Violence and Application of Prison Rape Elimination Act to Detention Facilities
108
Allegations of Sexual Abuse
110
Sexual Violence Testimony
111
Abuse of Authority
111
Misuse of Authority Testimony
112
Treatment of LGBT Individuals
113
Treatment of Transgender Detainees Testimony
115
Physical and Sexual Assaults of LGBT Testimony
116
Due Process
117
Due Process Testimony
118
Length of Stay in Detention Facilities & Withholding Release
118
Indefinite Detention of Adults Testimony
119
Legal Representation in Immigration Proceedings
120
Limited English Proficiency and Legal Representation Testimony
122
Access to Legal Representation Testimony
123
Detention Centers in Remote Locations Testimony
124
Understanding the Legal Process
124
Navigating Immigration Proceedings Without Representation Testimony
125
Lack of Independence for Immigration Courts
125
Location of Detention Facilities
126
Opening Detention Centers on Potentially Hazardous Sites Testimony
127
Allocation of Federal Monetary Resources Testimony
128
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
130
Findings
130
I. Creating a Humanitarian Crisis
130
II. Discriminatory Immigration Policies
131
III. Trauma as a Result of Family Separations
132
IV. Inhumane Detention Conditions for Children and Adults
133
V. Barriers to Access to Justice
135
VI. Lack of Transparency and Accountability
136
Recommendations
136
I. Addressing Family Separations
136
II. Addressing Detention Conditions for Children and Adults
137
III. Ensuring Due Process
138
IV. Increasing Accountability
139
COMMISSIONERS’ STATEMENTS AND DISSENTS
142
Statement of Commission Michael Yaki
142
Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Gail Heriot
148
Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Peter N. Kirsanow
154
Appendices
168
Appendix A: Federal Agency Roles in Immigration
169
Department of Homeland Security
169
Customs and Border Protection
169
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
169
Citizenship and Immigration Services
170
Department of Justice—Executive Office for Immigration Review
171
Department of Health and Human Services
171
Appendix B: Copy of Department of Homeland Security Discovery Request
173
Appendix C: Copy of Department of Health and Human Services Discovery Request
190
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